A general rule in most countries is to support people equally according to law and to their right and duties.In spite of this fact, in many juridical systems we see many discrimination which affect minorities. Based on racial, tribal, sexual, national and so many other reasons.In this essay, we try to explain and express the juridical purport of affirmative action as a means of confronting discrimination and to compare different opinion about it.

A B S T R A C T Transformations such as globalization, the contiguity of geographical spaces, as well as developments in the field of military technologies have transformed the issue of defense as the main factor for the survival of countries. Because the transformation from hard to soft war and then the smart war in recent decades has changed the approaches to defense. These transformations have led to the development of discussions about defense purposes. Meanwhile, Middle East countries have a prominent position and importance in terms of defense due to their special conditions. This article has tried to investigate the basic dimensions affecting the defense of foreign countries with descriptive and analytical methods, using library and field findings and Smart-PLS software. The results of the current research show that the effective components in the current research include 130 items that are placed in the form of 15 dimensions. The importance of these dimensions in defense of the Middle East countries is, respectively, geopolitical dimension with a 0.43 score, military dimension with a 0.41 score, economic dimension with a 0.41 score, political dimension with a 0.39 score, hydrology dimension with a 0.34 score, security dimension with a 0.32 score, social dimension with a 0.29 score, demographic dimension with a 0.28 score, cultural dimension with a 0.26 score, scientific-health dimension with a 0.25 score, geomorphological dimension with a 0.25 score, mathematical dimension with a 0.2 score, climatic dimension with a 0.2 score, biological dimension with a 0.2 score and soil dimension with a 0.18 score. Extended Abstract Introduction Security and defense are among the most vital issues for the preservation and survival of countries. In fact, defense and military affairs are necessary for countries' independence and political, cultural and economic development. Among them, geography and political geography are prominent fields that directly affect defense issues. Actions taken by a country in dimensions (political, military, economic, etc.) in order to maintain security and territorial integrity, guarantee independence and protection of its people against any enemy attack, will organize the geographical (spatial) environment, wise and appropriate distribution of critical places and sensitive centers and infrastructures are identified by taking into account the threats and the correct use of environmental capacities in political, economic, social, cultural, etc. dimensions, and as a result, it can lead to stability and stability in the country's geographical space. The design of defense planning model according to the economic, cultural, political and environmental features in the new era when countries are facing external and internal threats as a sub-branch of territorial planning has received the attention and importance of officials and governance systems in order to be able to reduce these threats with accurate and systematic planning in the geographical space, defense planning is not separate from the flow of national and regional planning. It is important to pay attention to it based on the type and amount of external and internal threats to governance. Due to the expansion of the security circle, the government is not only responsible for creating military security. However, it must also exercise part of its authority in the direction of territorial management. On the other hand, there has been a transformation in the form of threats and wars based on changes and the movement from hard to soft war and finally, smart war is the basis for reviewing and recognizing the components that can be used in defense of countries, including the Middle East countries, have a prominent position and importance. Despite the internal differences between countries, the Middle East has commonalities and connections that can directly affect the overall defense of this geographical space.   Methodology In terms of type and purpose, the current research is fundamentally applied. Also, it is descriptive and analytical in terms of nature. This research, in addition to the correct and realistic depiction of the defense situation of the Middle East countries, it is tried to provide a suitable model for the defense of the countries. The sources used in the current research are library and field sources (questionnaires). According to the subject of the current research, the statistical population of this research is a collection of people, experts and elites who have sufficient knowledge, experience and expertise regarding the research topic, which is the design of the defense model, according to the nature of the Delphi pattern model, at least the statistical population based on the sources should be between twenty and fifty people to reach statistical saturation. The number of selected samples included 51 people who were identified in the form of a non-random sampling pattern and introduced as a statistical sample in the framework of the Delphi model. Due to the qualitative nature of this research, it has been tried to use the Delphi model in the framework of the targeted non-random model. Therefore, based on these cases, the current research has selected the maximum statistical population of 51 elites, experts, and opinionated people in this field. In this research, to evaluate the research hypotheses in the form of the hardness equations model, the partial least squares method and the SMART-PLS software, which is a variance-based path modeling technique and provides the possibility of checking the theory and metrics simultaneously, have been exerted.   Results and discussion In this research, approaches such as political, military, cultural, etc., in the field of land use have been discussed. In the meantime, the defense of countries as an emerging approach is significant. According to the developments in geographical spaces, such as the evolution of military-defense technologies, the connection of geographical spaces to each other and most importantly, the movement from hard and soft war to smart war has witnessed a transformation and wide attention in a way that countries are suited to these developments are trying to prepare the geographical space of their country in terms of defense. Therefore, the defense planning of the Middle East countries as a geographical region has great importance from a geopolitical and strategic point of view, which indicates that the countries of this region face threats and complex defense-security issues in different ways.   Conclusion The results of the present research show that the defense planning in developing countries should be considered according to their characteristics, considering all 15 dimensions, which include 130 components. In the design of the defense planning of these countries, attention should be paid to the weight and importance of the shaping dimensions. In general, it can be said that the defense planning of the Middle East countries is proportional to the geographical features of these countries and on the other hand, considering the developments in the field of threats and moving from hard to smart war, 15 dimensions should be considered for the defense of these countries.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments  We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Deleuze presents his ontology as a post-Kantian philosophy. The main concern of post-Kantian philosophy, from Solomon Maimon to Hegel, was to construct a new metaphysics after critique of Kant and elucidation of the creation of existence. Resorting to the metaphysics of Spinoza and Leibniz as well as the philosophy of Nietzsche, Deleuze founded a new ontology. This ontology, contrary to the Hegelian ontology that had based the creation of existence on a negative principle, explains this creation on an affirmative basis. According to Deleuze, there is a totally affirmative impression of existence with Spinoza and Nietzsche that can be used for founding a new ontology. Eventually, it is this same affirmative notion that founds both a new ontology and ethics.

Global ethics is a branch of social ethics which finds the “, ethical commonalities”,among religions and creeds, and calls people for an understanding and recognizance of it. Realities and challenges of the contemporary world make the global ethics an inevitable necessity. Thus, the representatives of the world religions endorsed the declaration of global ethics in 1993. Ethical commonalities can be recognized through inductive and deductive ways. Inductive approach is related to the study of ethical schools of thought and creeds and also case study of ethical commonalities,because it is not biased in favor of any specific school, it is accepted more ubiquitously. However, it faces criticisms such as not being definite, not explicating the causal relations between ethical phenomena, and not providing a solution for ethical contradictions. Deductive approach is based on the theory of innate disposition, and identifies the public and widespread ethical virtues through innate requirements. Despite having an epistemological value and providing definite results, deductive approach lacks generalization. This is because ethical non-realists and also those who deny the innate disposition do not accept this approach. The global ethics needs to follow both of these approaches which complement each other.

Inadequacy of value of testimony of women and men which is adopted in Islamic law, Shia and Sonni, is one of the matters which is criticized by feminism. This inequality according to Islamic jurisprudevce not only contains no proscription for women, but also is for protection and defend of women rights. Inequality of testimony has no evidencing to priority of wisdom and intellect on the women.

Considering the fact that the negative form of verbs normally is made by adding a negative element, this article tries to find out whether this element is the only sign of negating the sentences, and if any affirmative sentence has necessarily a negative correspondent. In this research, through adopting a descriptive-analytical method and based on the ideas of the two functionalists named Givon and Miestamo, the negative forms of some affirmative sentences will be studied. Since the affirmative and negative sentences have different presuppositions, contexts, and discourses, it is not always enough to make negatives just by adding a negative element, and also the act of making the sentence negative might cause some other changes to the sentence. Moreover, it can be said that in Farsi, it is not always possible for an affirmative sentence to have a negative form.

Superiority of affirmative aspect of education over negative aspect, , and continuous attacks of propogational and cultural plans and programs at schools and cultural centers which are presented without considering the principle of edification (preparation and motivating) is a serious challenge in education; this, in its own turn, causes incongruence and sometimes contradiction between the inputs and outputs. This paper is an attempt to compare the negative aspect of education conceptualized through Quranic edification with affirmative aspect, from theoretical, approach and methodological side in order to refer back to the Quranic and mystic –induced pattern. Two basic interpretations in the edification as negative education approach are monotheistic slogan, "there is no God but Allah" and the next slogan" from Allah we come and to him we refer" in the first of which negation of what deviates us from our disposition and in the second of which referring and elevating restitution to existent thematics and attempt to actualize them.